Chemistry and Materials is an international, peer-reviewed, open-access journal published by the Center for Science Innovation, with e-ISSN 2828-2310 and p-ISSN 2828-271X. The journal publishes original research articles, reviews, and short communications in all areas of chemistry, applied chemistry, and materials science demonstrating novelty and clear contributions to the field. As an open-access journal, Chemistry and Materials makes all published content freely accessible to readers worldwide, promoting the rapid exchange of scientific ideas. The journal is indexed in CAS (American Chemical Society), DOAJ, COPERNICUS, Google Scholar, GARUDA, and other platforms, ensuring broad visibility and reach within the global scientific community.
The Formation of New Complexes from a Decomposition of [AuI6AgI3CuII3]3+ Parent Framework during Co-crystallization Process
Co-crystallization in supramolecular complexes often encounters significant challenges, particularly when dealing with highly charged ionic species. One major issue is that the parent complex structure may decompose during the process, while the new structure cannot be obtained using the original method. In this study, we reported the formation of new coordination complexes derived from the decomposition of a framework structure composed of [AuI6AgI3CuII3(tdme)2(D-pen)6(H2O)3]3+. Two decomposition products, [AuI6AgI2CuII2(tdme)2(D-pen)6] and [AuI6AgI2CuII2(tdme)2(D-pen)6][AuI6CuII3(tdme)2(D-pen)6], were isolated as a result of the interruption of [RhII4ZnII4O(L-cys)12]6- through anion-exchange reaction at two different temperature conditions (0 and 25oC) in a co-crystallization process.
Copyright (c) 2026 Benny Wahyudianto, Tatsuhiro Kojima, Nobuto Yoshinari, Takumi Konno https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Transmetallation Reaction of Alkali and Alkaline-earth Metal Ions in Supramolecular Complex of [{Au6Cd3(tdme)2(D-pen)6}Cd4Na4](NO3)12
One of the advantages of coordination complex with a framework structure is that it facilitates conducting metal exchange reaction or transmetallation, which important for several purposes. In this study, we evaluated transmetallation phenomena in a 116 nuclear complex of [{Au6Cd3(tdme)2(D-pen)6}12Cd4Na4](NO3)12 (1CdNa) using monovalent and divalent metal ions from alkali and alkaline-earth groups, respectively. The metal replacements were carried out in high concentration solution through single-crystal-to-single-crystal manner. The observation focused on the structural refinement based on single-crystal X-ray diffraction data. The results indicated that selective metal exchange occurred exclusively in specific locations. The presence of d-orbital and metal coordination preferences became two pivotal factors to proceed transmetallation in 1CdNa.
Covalent Organic Framework (COFs) in Targeted Drug Delivery and Therapeutics: A Critical Review
Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are an emerging type of crystalline, porous polymers which are formed through covalent bonds using designed organic building blocks. Their high pore structuring, high surface area, and modular chemistry make them attractive platforms for targeted drug delivery and multimodal therapeutics. This is a critical review of the developments in the field of foundational COF chemistry to the most recent biomedical applications, especially with regard to drug encapsulation mechanisms (physical adsorption, covalent conjugation, and host-guest interactions), stimulus-responsive release strategies (pH, redox, enzyme, light), and targeting of the host (passive EPR accumulation and active ligand directed delivery). It focuses on discussion around nanoscale COF fabrication and functionalization approaches that permit controlled loading, colloidal stability, and receptor-mediated uptake, and multifunctional and theranostic COF systems that combine photodynamic/photothermal therapy, catalytic nanozyme activity, gene delivery, and multimodal imaging. In the literature, COFs have shown excellent drug loading capabilities and preclinical efficacy potentials. However, translation is a bottleneck due to several factors, including reproducibility, hydrolytic stability of linkages, full pharmacokinetics/toxicology, and scalable GMO-compatible synthesis. It reported methodological heterogeneities with loading/release assays and advocates standardized reporting (DLC, EE, release conditions, pre-/and post-structural characterization) and intensive in vivo PK/PD and immunotoxicity investigations. Lastly, strategic priorities were outlined in the field, which include rational linkage selection of biodegradability, orthogonal post-synthetic modification protocols, integration of computational design tools, and specific translational work to fast-track clinical translation of COF-based nanomedicines. Taken together, this review evaluates the potential and practical challenges of the COFs as next-generation targeted delivery and therapeutic vehicles.
Copyright (c) 2026 Henrietta Marcel, Daniel Idowu, Adeyinka Ademilua, Loveth Marcel, Mohammed Abdul-Rahman, Favour Fabuyi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Electrodeposition of CZTS Thin Films with Na₂SO₃ Additive for Improved Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting Efficiency
The global transition toward sustainable energy has accelerated research into clean hydrogen production, with photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting emerging as a promising pathway. In this study, Cu₂ZnSnS₄ (CZTS) thin films were prepared through one-step electrodeposition using sodium sulfite (Na₂SO₃) as an additive on indium tin oxide (ITO)-coated glass substrates. Structural characterization confirmed the formation of a crystalline kesterite phase, with the enhanced intensity of the (112) peak indicating improved crystallinity upon additive incorporation. Surface morphology and composition analysis revealed compact films with a uniform elemental distribution. PEC measurements showed a significant increase in photocurrent density from 7.4 mA/cm² to 22.3 mA/cm² at 1.47 V vs. RHE with Na₂SO₃ attributed to enhanced light absorption and efficient charge carrier separation. Optical analysis indicated a bandgap widening from 1.50 eV to 1.60 eV, consistent with a reduction in crystallite size. Impedance analysis showed lower charge transfer resistance under illumination. Hydrogen and oxygen evolution reaction (HER and OER) tests demonstrated lower overpotential and Tafel slopes, indicating faster reaction kinetics. Improved stability was confirmed by a positive shift in the corrosion potential (Ecorr) and a lower corrosion current density (icorr).. Overall, the addition of Na₂SO₃ enhanced the structural, optical, catalytic, and stability properties, making CZTS suitable for solar-driven hydrogen evolution.
Copyright (c) 2025 Dyah Ayu Larasati, Dyra Aulia Zhafirah, Reinardo Ramawijaya Widakusuma https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
NATURAL RUBBER LATEX–BIOACTIVE GLASS COMPOSITE AS A DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM FOR AMPICILLIN
This study evaluates Natural Rubber Latex (NRL)–Bioactive Glass (BG) Composites as carrier for ampicillin. Current drug delivery systems face challenges of uncontrolled release, poor biocompatibility, and unstable therapeutic levels. Incorporating bioactive glass into natural rubber latex was explored to improve compatibility, sustained release, and strength. Biomembranes (NRL with drug and NRL - BG with drug respectively) were polymerized at room temperature for 72 hours. The biomembranes were then characterized using Fourier Transmission – Infra red (FT-IR) spectroscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and X8-Ray Diffraction (XRD). The drug release mechanism through the skin, tensile strength and elongation at break were also evaluated. Results showed that 86.26% of the protein in the NRL was removed after centrifugation and the FTIR spectra analysis reveals no chemical interaction between the NRL, drug and bioglass as their individual characteristics exhibits solid fusion. Drug release reached about 70% with burst release near 52–54 hours. The mechanical analysis showed that the incorporation of the bioglass improved the tensile strength of the biomembrane significantly. The results confirm that natural rubber latex can act as a transdermal carrier for ampicillin, with bioactive glass further improving the delivery efficiency.
Copyright (c) 2026 Idemudia Osayanyobo Lawrence , Falope Funmilola Yetunde, Ahuose Victory Oseosemen, Aboyewa Jumoke Adebisi, Ozoemena Happiness Onyinye https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Phytochemical Profiling of Almond Shells: Comparative Analysis of Different Solvent Extracts
This study investigates the phytochemical profiles, UV-Vis spectrophotometry, IR spectroscopy, and HPLC analyses of local almond shells extracts using different solvents, including deionized water (DW), ethanol, and a mixture of DW:ethanol (1:1). All extracts contained flavonoids, alkaloids, glycosides, carbohydrates, coumarins, phlobatannins, phytosterols, phenols, quinones, resins, saponins, terpenoids, and triterpenoids, with different concentrations. The DW:ethanol mixture extract also showed the presence of anthraquinones, proteins, and amino acids, which were absent in the other extracts. The DW extract exhibited the highest total flavonoid content (117 mg QE/g), whereas the total polyphenol concentration was greatest in the mixture extract (711 mg TAC/g). The FTIR spectra revealed distinct functional peaks for aromatic rings, unsaturated hydrocarbons, esters, carboxylic acids, ketones, phenols, and alcohols in all extracts. HPLC analysis identified seven prominent phenolic compounds in all extracts, namely benzoic acid, cinnamic acid, gallic acid, ferulic acid, quercetin, kaempferol, and naringenin, with varying concentrations. This study highlights the potential of almond shells as a significant source of bioactive compounds that can function as capping and reducing agents in the environmentally friendly synthesis of nanomaterials. The potential of compounds like flavonoids suggests that almond shell extract is a promising candidate for developing antioxidant drugs.
Copyright (c) 2025 Bjeen Hakim Hasan, Nidhal Meena Sher Mohammed https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Synthesis of AuCu Bimetallic Nanoparticles via Electrodeposition for DPPH Free Radical Scavenging and HaCaT Cell Assays
Bimetallic nanoparticles (NPs) have attracted significant interest in biomedical applications due to their unique physicochemical properties and synergistic effects. This study reports the synthesis of bimetallic gold-copper nanoparticles (AuCu NPs) via electrochemical deposition using cyclic voltammetry (CV) on indium tin oxide (ITO) substrates. Various precursor ratios of HAuCl₄ and CuSO₄ were employed to investigate the influence of Cu concentration on morphology and antioxidant activity of AuCu NPs. Characterization using field emission electron microscope equipped with energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer revealed that increasing Cu content altered the particle size distribution and surface uniformity, with optimal homogeneity achieved at a 1:1 Au:Cu ratio, yielding NPs of ~25–27 nm. X-ray diffraction analysis confirmed the presence of crystalline Au and Cu₂O phases, indicating successful co-deposition and surface oxidation of Cu. The antioxidant activity test, assessed through a DPPH radical scavenging assay, showed the highest inhibition (89.09%) for pure Au after a 48-hour incubation, whereas AuCu samples exhibited delayed yet substantial activity (>80%), suggesting time-dependent synergism. Furthermore, MTT assays on HaCaT cells revealed that the AuCu NPs were non-cytotoxic and exhibited protective effects against oxidative stress induced by blue light exposure, highlighting their potential for biomedical and dermatological applications.
Copyright (c) 2025 Norma Nurul Ilmi, Putri Dwi Candra https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Synthesis and Characterization of NiCo Bimetal Electrocatalyst for Water Splitting
This research focuses on developing bimetallic nickel‑cobalt (NiCo) electrocatalysts for water‑splitting applications via a tailored electrodeposition approach using saccharin as a structure‑directing additive. The introduction of saccharin refined the material’s crystal size, promoted nickel enrichment in the alloy, and produced a smoother, more porous surface morphology, which collectively enhance the electrochemical active area. The modified catalyst exhibited improved catalytic activity for both hydrogen and oxygen evolution, displaying favorable onset potentials (-0.1593 V for HER and 1.6427 V for OER) and accelerated reaction kinetics, as reflected by Tafel slopes of 134.2 mV/dec and 24.96 mV/dec, respectively. While charge‑transfer resistance was not lowered, long‑term stability and corrosion resistance were markedly enhanced in the presence of saccharin. These results demonstrate that microstructural engineering through additive‑assisted electrodeposition can effectively boost the durability of NiCo electrocatalysts, underscoring the importance of morphology control for sustained performance in energy‑conversion systems.
Copyright (c) 2025 Amarisa Nur Affifah, Aulia Setiawan, Qori’atun Ni’mah Salsabila https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Triazoles in the Carbohydrate World: Unlocking Multifunctional Glycohybrids
Triazoles have emerged as versatile linkers in carbohydrate chemistry, enabling the construction of stable and multifunctional glycohybrids. This review explores the use of triazoles in carbohydrate chemistry, focusing on how they can be used to create versatile compounds with applications in both medicine and materials science. A variety of glyco-triazole hybrids have been synthesized using efficient and sustainable click chemistry methods. These methods allow for the high-yield joining of sugars to other molecules under biocompatible conditions. This review highlights the diverse biological activities of these new compounds, including their use as antimicrobial, antifungal, and anticancer agents. A cationic chitosan derivative with triazole and quaternary ammonium groups showed strong antifungal and antioxidant properties. Other examples include carbohydrate-derived triazoles that inhibit glycogen phosphorylase, a feasible treatment for type 2 diabetes, and piperazine triazolyl sugar conjugates that show potent anticancer activity against HeLa cells. Beyond their medicinal uses, the review also covers the application of glyco-triazole hybrids in materials science and sensing. This review emphasises that while significant progress has been made, future work should focus on designing more complex structures, using greener synthesis methods, and addressing challenges like bioavailability and stability to move these promising compounds from the laboratory to real-world applications.
Copyright (c) 2025 Jyoti Dahiya, Anudeep Kumar Narula; Gulshan Kumar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Cobalt Decoration on Cu₂O Photocatalyst via Electrodeposition for Enhanced Methylene Blue Degradation
Cuprous oxide (Cu₂O) is a promising material for photocatalysis due to its narrow bandgap, cost-effectiveness, and non-toxicity. However, its practical application is hindered by the rapid recombination of electron-hole pairs and low stability. This study addresses these limitations by decorating Cu₂O film with a cobalt (Co) cocatalyst. The Cu₂O/Co film was successfully synthesized on indium tin oxide (ITO) substrate through electrodeposition. Characterisation results confirmed the presence of small, agglomerated Co deposits that scattered on Cu2O grain boundaries. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy showed that Cu₂O/Co exhibited a charge transfer resistance of 21.94 Ω, which is lower compared to Cu₂O at 24.16 Ω. This indicates that the addition of Co enhances interfacial charge transfer kinetics. Photodegradation test of Cu₂O with Co then revealed a higher degradation efficiency of 76.51% than that of Cu₂O film at 67.55%, highlighting the potential of Co as a cocatalyst for Cu2O.
Copyright (c) 2025 Bella Pricilya, Nindys Aprillia, Shyla Noureen Zahra, Firgie Wulandari, Faisal Abnisa https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Green design, synthesis, and characterization of a novel eight-membered silicon-boron-based cyclo-1,5-di(p-tolyl)-3,3,7,7-tetraphenyl-1,5-dibora-3,7-disiloxane, a Lewis acid, and its use for the adsorption of Fe3+ and Methylene blue from aqueous solution
Metal ions such as Fe3+ and dye contamination such as methylene blue (MB) have caused environmental and health problems, particularly through industrial wastewater discharge. Some conventional treatment methods of removing these toxins are inefficient and unsustainable. Thus, this study focuses on the synthesis and characterization of cyclo-1,5-di(p-tolyl)-3,3,7,7-tetraphenyl-1,5-dibora-3,7-disiloxane, a Lewis acid, and its application in the adsorption of Fe3+ and MB from aqueous solution. The compound was synthesized via a condensation reaction between diphenylsilanediol (4.3 g, 19.97 mmol) and p-tolylboronic acid (2.72 g, 20.03 mmol) at reflux for 12 h. The crude product was recrystallized from petroleum ether yielding 2.89 g of blocky, colorless crystals (90% yield, melting point 260 °C). The compound was characterized using powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) and fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. Thereafter, the synthesized compound was used for the adsorption of Fe3+ and MB. The adsorption isotherms for both Fe3+ and MB follow the Freundlich with R2 values of 0.8967 and 0.8769, respectively. These adsorption study results show the potential of the synthesized novel compound, as an adsorbent for the removal of Fe3+ and MB in aqueous solution, offering a promising future for application in wastewater treatment and environmental remediation.
Copyright (c) 2025 Okpara Sergeant Bull, Tubonimi Joseph Kio Ideriah, Godstime Tamunofri Adirimo https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Tunable Film Density of Electrodeposited Gold Nanoparticles for Enhanced Antioxidant Activity
The synthesis of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) is a critical aspect in the development of large-scale antioxidant nanomaterials. Although, biological methods offer a non-toxic reagent and an environmentally friendly route for synthesis. However, their scalability is limited by the non-uniformity of particle size, the scarcity of biological materials, the challenges associated with controlling organism growth, and the relatively long synthesis time. Therefore, chemical methods, especially electrodepositions, are preferred due to their effectiveness, efficiency, and the ability to precisely control particle size and shape through electrolyte modifications. In this study, two supporting electrolytes, KCl and Na₂SO₄, were employed. The results demonstrated that the type of electrolyte ion significantly influences the particle density of the AuNPs, with KCl electrolyte providing a higher particle density. This increased particle density correlates with a larger active surface area per unit area, subsequently enhancing the antioxidant activity of the AuNPs, as evidenced by up to 57% DPPH inhibition. Furthermore, cytotoxicity and cytoprotective assays indicated good biocompatibility and protective capabilities of AuNPs.
Copyright (c) 2025 Babay Asih Suliasih, Charzen Mae Kinoan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Synthesis of Hematite Using Different Additives and The Fabrication of Hematite/SiO₂ Composite
Hematite (α-Fe₂O₃) is a widely studied iron oxide due to its broad functional versatility in catalysis, sensing, and environmental applications. However, controlling its morphology and crystallinity remains a challenge, which limits its performance in composite materials. This study investigates the role of sodium hydroxide and citric acid as additives to identify optimal hematite characteristics on the fabrication of hematite/SiO₂ composite via the sol-gel method. Sodium hydroxide serves as a source of hydroxide ions, accelerating nucleation and acting as a precipitating agent, while citric acid chelates Fe³⁺ ions and caps growing nuclei, which enhances crystallinity and suppresses particle agglomeration. As a result, hematiteCA exhibited brownish-purple appearance and higher crystallinity, whereas hematiteSH showed larger and more agglomerated particles. Integrating silica into hematiteCA produced wine-red hematite/SiO2 composites and porous-like surface morphology. These findings demonstrate that additive selection is a critical parameter in synthesizing hematite microstructure and enhancing its compatibility with silica, thereby enabling the development of composites for advanced applications.
Copyright (c) 2025 Shirly Harissyah Alfiani, Qori'atun Ni'mah Salsabila, Reinardo Ramawijaya Widakusuma, Agus Purwanto, Ph.D, Rifqi Almusawi Rafsanjani, Habib Muhammad Zapar, Bagaskoro Pranata Ardhi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Synthesis of Co-doped Cu2O via Photoelectrodeposition
The superior optical and electronic properties of Cu₂O make it a promising semiconductor material for various applications. To enhance its performance, several approaches have been explored, including cobalt (Co) doping, which has been reported to improve light absorption, reduce crystal size, and enhance the crystallinity of Cu₂O. Moreover, the morphology of the material plays a crucial role in determining its functional performance. Photoelectrodeposition offers a unique advantage in tailoring material morphology through light-assisted deposition processes. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the effect of Co concentration on the crystallinity, structure, and morphology of Cu₂O synthesized via photoelectrodeposition. The results demonstrate the successful synthesis of pure Cu₂O and Co-doped Cu₂O phases. X-ray diffraction analysis indicates that Co atoms successfully substitute Cu atoms, leading to a reduction in crystal size. Raman spectroscopy further confirms an increase in oxygen vacancies in the doped samples. In addition, the particle morphology undergoes significant changes attributed to the influence of illumination during the deposition process.
Copyright (c) 2025 Muhammad Raihan Rauf, Jumaeda Jatmika, Mohammad Hamzah Fauzi, Suci Winarsih https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Potentiostatic Electrodeposition of FeCo Thin Films: Influence of Deposition Temperature and Saccharin Concentration
The FeCo thin films were synthesized using a potentiostatic electrodeposition technique under varying deposition temperatures and saccharin compositions. The effects of these parameters on the film’s crystallinity, composition, microstructure, and deposition behavior were systematically investigated. X-ray diffraction confirmed the formation of a single-phase FeCo structure under all conditions. Increasing the deposition temperature enhanced mass transfer and reduced anomalous codeposition behavior, as evidenced by the compositional shift toward higher cobalt content. The presence of saccharin was found to significantly influence the nucleation and growth processes through adsorption and the formation of metal–saccharinate complexes, which altered the deposition behavior. These results demonstrate that optimizing deposition parameters enables precise control over the composition and structure of FeCo thin films, which is crucial for the functional applications of magnetic and electrocatalysis.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ayuningsih Arum https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Comparative Study of the Catalytic Activities of Ni, NiCo, and PtNiCo in Ethanol Electrooxidation: Contributions of Individual Metals
This study compares the catalytic activity of Ni, NiCo, and PtNiCo in the ethanol electrooxidation reaction to elucidate the role of each metal. The catalysts were synthesized via electrodeposition at room temperature and characterized using energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and X-ray diffractometry techniques. Catalytic activity was evaluated through various electrochemical tests, including electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, linear sweep voltammetry, and chronoamperometry. Ethanol electrooxidation tests conducted via cyclic voltammetry over 1000 cycles revealed a progressive increase in catalytic activity among the three catalysts, with PtNiCo exhibiting the highest performance. The synergistic effect of the three metals resulted in a low charge transfer resistance (3.46 Ω), a small Tafel slope (156 mV/decade), a high peak current density (32.06 mA/cm²), a low If/Ib ratio, and an enhanced reactant diffusion coefficient. These findings provide valuable insights for designing efficient and high-performance tri-metallic catalysts.
Copyright (c) 2025 Devi Indrawati Syafei, Yasir Arafat Hutapea, Liana Christiani https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Methylene Blue Adsorption using Magnetite-Modified Tea Waste Adsorbent
Methylene blue (MB) is a hazardous waste for living things and the environment. In this study, MB adsorption was carried out using tea waste as an adsorbent. To enhance the adsorption process, activation with HCl and modification with magnetite (Fe3O4) were carried out. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of using tea waste adsorbent activated and modified with Fe3O4 on methylene blue waste. Tea waste was activated with HCl and modified with Fe3O4 using the coprecipitation method. Two variations of testing were conducted, namely, the variation of pH and contact time. The adsorbent was characterized using Fourier transform infrared and scanning electron microscopy. The results showed that the optimum pH at pH 10 with an adsorption power of 98.4% and a contact time of 90 minutes with an adsorption power of 98.6%, when the adsorbent was applied directly to the methylene blue waste produced an adsorption power of 99%, and an adsorption isotherm model that was suitable using Freundlich isotherm with an R2 value of 0.9704.
Copyright (c) 2025 Yussi Pratiwi, Miftah Aulia, Baiq Amelia Riyandari, Devi Nur Anisa https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
PtSnNi Trimetallic and Their Catalytic Activities in Ethanol Electrooxidation
The declining availability of fossil fuels and their environmental impacts have driven the search for cleaner, renewable energy alternatives, such as direct ethanol fuel cells (DEFCs). However, the widespread application of DEFCs faces challenges due to the complex kinetics of ethanol electrooxidation, necessitating the development of effective catalysts. Platinum (Pt) is widely regarded as the most effective catalyst for this process. However, its use is hindered by high costs and susceptibility to poisoning by intermediates formed during the ethanol electrooxidation reaction. To address these issues, the addition of Sn and Ni to the Pt catalyst is expected to enhance its performance. In this study, PtSnNi trimetallics were synthesized using the electrodeposition method. The samples were then characterized using scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDX) and electrochemical tests to evaluate their catalytic activity and stability. The SEM image reveals that PtSnNi2 has the smallest particle size compared to other PtSnNi samples. Additionally, the results indicate that PtSnNi2, with a composition of 73% Pt, 26% Sn, and 1% Ni, exhibits the optimal electrolyte concentration, leading to the highest catalytic activity and stability. This is evidenced by the lowest Rct, lowest Ib/If ratio, and highest current density in the ethanol oxidation reaction.
Copyright (c) 2025 Hilman Syafei, Raudhatul Hadawiyah, Mulya Muhammad Nur https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Synthesis of α-Fe2O3 and α-Fe2O3/SiO2 Composite from Geothermal Waste by Sol-Gel Method and Their Characterization
Iron oxide materials, especially hematite (α-Fe2O3), have many important applications. Improving the characteristics and physical properties of hematite has been widely developed, one of which is to combine it as a composite structure with porous materials such as silica (SiO2) as α-Fe2O3/SiO2 composite. This research aims to synthesize α-Fe2O3 particles and α-Fe2O3/SiO2 composites. The α-Fe2O3/SiO2 composite was successfully synthesized by using geothermal waste as an alternative source of silica prepared by the sol-gel method. Both synthesized samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy equipped with energy dispersive spectroscopy, and X-ray fluorescence techniques. The results showed that silica composites on hematite structure slightly affect the morphology, color, or particle size compared to α-Fe2O3.
Copyright (c) 2025 Rinda Mulmeyda, Reinardo Ramawijaya Widakusuma, Sabrina Putri Chaerani, Agus Purwanto, Rifqi Almusawi Rafsanjani, Habib Muhammad Zapar, Bagaskoro Pranata Ardhi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Morphology-Dependent Antioxidant Activity of Gold Nanoparticles Prepared Using Different Electrolyte Concentrations
Antioxidants play a crucial role in protecting the body from oxidative stress by neutralizing free radicals. The synthesis of antioxidant-active materials, such as gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), offers significant advantages due to their unique physicochemical properties. In this study, AuNPs were successfully synthesized using the electrodeposition method on indium-tin oxide substrates, with varying Na₂SO₄ electrolyte concentrations. Scanning electron microscopy analysis confirmed that the synthesized AuNPs exhibited a round to slightly irregular morphology, with an average particle size ranging from 48 to 65 nm. X-ray diffractometer characterization revealed that the nanoparticles possessed a face-centered cubic crystal structure, confirming their high purity. Antioxidant activity was evaluated using the DPPH assay, where AuNPs synthesized with 0.5 M Na₂SO₄ exhibited the highest DPPH inhibition of 72.39%. This enhanced antioxidant performance is attributed to the smaller particle size, which increases the available surface area for free radical neutralization. These findings highlight the potential of electrodeposited AuNPs as effective antioxidants and provide valuable insights into optimizing nanoparticle synthesis for biomedical and nanotechnological applications.
Copyright (c) 2025 Azri Farhanah Abd Aziz, Babay Asih Suliasih https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effect of Mass and Contact Time of Coffee Grounds in Nickel Metal Ion Adsorption on Liquid Waste of Chemistry Laboratory
Based on Indonesian Government Regulation PP No. 22 of 2021 concerning the implementation of environmental protection and management, the quality standard for nickel in waters is 0.05 mg/L. Nickel waste is very harmful to aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems and poses risks to human health. In this study, nickel waste was treated with coffee grounds using the adsorption method. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of variations in the mass of coffee grounds and contact time on the adsorption of nickel metal in the liquid waste generated by the UNJ Chemistry laboratory. Coffee grounds are activated with NaOH 0.01 M to increase their adsorption ability. Two tests were conducted, namely, the variation of adsorbent mass and the variation of contact time. Based on the results of testing the variation of adsorbent mass and contact time, the highest percentage of removal was obtained at 91.70% at a mass of 0.05 g with a contact time of 15 minutes. The lowest percentage of removal was 39.56% in a mass of 1.5 g with a contact time of 90 minutes. This research provides a novel approach to heavy metal waste treatment especially nickel metal ion, which can be adapted to enhance waste treatment technologies in the future.
Copyright (c) 2025 Inez Trinanda, Yussi Pratiwi, Tritiyatma Hadinugrahaningsih https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The effect of Phase Composition on the Photocatalytic Activity of Cu₂O/CuO/Cu Composites for Methylene Blue Photodegradation
This study investigates the influence of phase composition on Cu₂O/CuO/Cu composites for the degradation methylene blue (MB) under visible light irradiation. Two types of composites, Cu₂O-rich and Cu₂O-poor, were successfully synthesized through electrodeposition method. The results showed that the Cu₂O-rich composite exhibited photocatalytic activity, as indicated by a maximum photocurrent of 13 mA/cm² and the highest optimized MB photodegradation efficiency. This enhanced performance is due to the high Cu₂O phase content, which generates a higher photocurrent density, thereby accelerating the redox reaction in the MB degradation.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mokhamad Ali Rizqi Maulana, Aisyaturridha, Bimo TriGoutomo, Amir Mahmud https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Effect of Saccharin on SnNi Alloy: the Electrodeposition and its Electrocatalytic Activity in Ethanol Oxidation Reaction
The development of Direct Ethanol Fuel Cell (DEFC) has attracted much attention, as alternative energy sources due to its various advantages. However, among its various advantages, DEFC has several problems, such as the kinetics of the ethanol oxidation reaction. Transition metal-based catalysts such as nickel and tin are considered as potential catalysts for DEFC due to their oxophilic properties that can improve catalytic activity. In this study, the effect of saccharin on SnNi bimetallic alloy catalyst synthesized by electrodeposition method on copper wire substrate was investigated. SnNi samples were characterized by several techniques, including X-ray diffraction, Scanning electron microscopy, and energi dispersive X-ray spectrocopy. Saccharin addition had a significant effect on the morphology, crystallite size, and composition of the catalyst. The presence of saccharin causes the formation of more uniform particles and has a smaller size. The sample with the addition of saccharin had a smaller charge transfer resistance value 4.82 Ω, lower tafel slope by 115 mV/dec, and show higher jf/jb ratio by 0.55. Furthermore, as the current density decreases, the SnNi catalyst with saccharin has a slow decrease rate and higher stability than the SnNi catalyst without saccharin.
Copyright (c) 2024 Rinda Mulmeyda, Abdul Ghofur Sidik, Chika Shafa Maura, Abdul Asywalul Fazri https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Electrodeposition of Thin Film Cu-Zn-Sn Alloy for Water Splitting Application
An energy transition to renewable energy sources is necessary due to the scarcity of fossil fuels and their detrimental effects on the environment. Water splitting process is one of the practical and effective way that does not occur spontaneously. This study investigates catalytic activity of Cu-Zn-Sn (CZT) photocatalyst in hydrogen evolution and oxygen evolution reaction. The CZT deposited with varied electrolyte’s pH of 6 and 9 on indium tin oxide substrate at the room temperature for 600 seconds. According to the X-ray diffraction patterns, there were Cu6Sn5, Cu5Zn8, and Sn metal phases with monoclinic, cubic, and cubic crystal systems. The scanning electron microscopy technique results of all CZT alloy sample showed a dense, non-uniform, and polycrystalline surface structure. The CZT alloys were found to have an average particle size of 0.35 μm. CZT alloys can produce a photocurrent density of 0.19 mA/cm² at a potential of 1.29 V vs RHE. the charge transfer resistance of CZT synthesized at pH 6 is lower (21.48 Ω) compared to pH 9 (28.36 Ω). The Tafel slope of HER for pH 9 CZT was -133 mV/dec, which was lower than that of pH 6 CZT (-88 mV/dec), indicating faster H2 production and corrosion resistance on pH 9 CZT.
Copyright (c) 2024 Reinardo Ramawijaya Widakusuma, Fathir Azzaki Iradata, Mokhamad Ali Rizqi Maulana, Ikhwan Nur Rahman https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Additive-free Electrodeposition of SnCoNi Trimetallic Catalysts for Ethanol Electrooxidation
SnCoNi catalysts were synthesized via electrodeposition, with and without citric acid, to assess their ethanol electrooxidation performance. The additive-free catalyst exhibited superior properties, including lower charge transfer resistance and a smaller Tafel slope compared to the citric acid-modified catalyst. Chronoamperometry testing further revealed better electrochemical stability for the additive-free catalyst, with less current loss over time. Cyclic voltammetry confirmed the enhanced ethanol oxidation activity with a relatively high current density. The improved performance is attributed to better mass transport, active site exposure, and the synergistic effects of Sn, Co, and Ni in the additive-free catalyst, making it more efficient for ethanol electrooxidation. These findings suggest that the additive-free catalyst exhibits more favorable properties for ethanol electrooxidation compared to its citric acid-modified counterpart.
Copyright (c) 2024 Qori'atun Ni'mah Salsabila, Fabian Glorious Kenaya, Muhammad Fathar Aulia, Muhammad Athariq https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Synthesis of Copper(I) Oxide Thin Film Through Potentiostatic Electrodeposition as an Antioxidant Film
Research on metal-based nanoparticles, such as silver, gold, and copper(I) oxide (Cu2O), has drawn considerable attention due to their potential applications in catalysis, antioxidants, antimicrobials, and anticancer fields. In this study, we successfully deposited Cu2O antioxidant films on indium tin oxide substrates through potentiostatic electrodeposition. The X-ray diffraction characterization revealed distinct peaks at 2θ value of 36.32°, 42.21°, and 61.30°, indicating the crystal structure of Cu2O thin film. The scanning electron microscopy image showed the three-sided pyramid morphology of Cu2O particles with average size of 316.18 nm. The energy dispersive X-ray spectrum confirmed the purity of the thin film, which is composed only of Cu and O elements without any impurities. The photoelectrochemical showed that the deposited Cu2O has a maximum photocurrent density of 8.37 mA/cm² under visible light irradiation and 1.40 mA/cm² without irradiation. In addition, this study also found that the highest inhibition values of DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) radicals were observed when ascorbic acid was added.
Copyright (c) 2024 Muhammad Adya Raihan, Shirly Harissyah Alfiani, Sabrina Putri Chaerani, Rachmaniah Nurul Imani, Alsifa Andita Putri https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Decorating Cu2O with Copper Metal (Cu) through Facile Electrochemical Deposition for Methylene Blue Degradation
A cuprous oxide (Cu2O) thin film was decorated with copper metal (Cu) using a simple electrochemical deposition method on a substrate of indium tin oxide at a potential of -0.3 V vs. Ag/AgCl and a temperature of 60 °C. This study aimed to investigate the role of Cu as a co-catalyst. The structure, phase, and morphology of Cu2O/Cu were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, respectively. The electrocatalytic performance of Cu2O/Cu was recorded using linear sweep voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy techniques. The X-ray diffraction and scanning electron micrograph show that Cu was successfully deposited covering Cu2O. The current density of Cu2O/Cu increased by 2.70 mA/cm2 confirming the lower charge current resistance of 2.48 kΩ. The Cu-decorated Cu2O demonstrated an improved photocatalytic activity, as shown by increased MB degradation from 46.33% to 50.87%. It was believed from characterizations that Cu deposition leads to more dense carriers and charge transfer, hence higher photocatalytic activity towards MB degradation than bare Cu2O thin film.
Copyright (c) 2024 Shyla Noureen Zahra, Firgie Wulandari, Muhammad Raihan Rauf, Ayuningsih Arum https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Synthesis Dithizone-Immobilized In Polivinyl Chloride Membranes For Copper Detection in Water
A simple, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly analytical method is needed to determine Cu (II) levels in water. Many methods have been developed by immobilizing dithizone in a polyvinyl chloride (PVC) matrix with dioctyl phthalate (DOP) as a plasticizer in a tetrahydrofuran (THF) solvent. However, the optimal composition of PVC, DOP, and THF has not been determined. The purposes of this study were to determine the optimal composition of dithizone, PVC, and DOP for the sensor membranes, evaluate the performance of the chemical sensors in detecting Cu (II) ions, and measure the copper content in conventional drinking water. The research began with the fabrication of sensor membranes, followed by absorbance testing, and concluded with method validation through characterization. Adsorption of Cu (II) caused the membrane colour to change from yellow to reddish orange, with maximum absorbance observed at 427 nm. The sensor membrane exhibited the best response to Cu (II) ions at pH 2.8. A linear calibration curve for Cu (II) was obtained in the concentration range of 0-0.6 ppm, with an R² value of 0.9924. The limit of detection was 1.9881 x 10⁻³ mg L⁻¹, and the limit of quantification was 6.0245 x 10⁻³ mg L⁻¹. The molar absorptivity was 9.4831 x 10⁴ L mol⁻¹ cm⁻¹. The proposed sensor membrane was used to measure Cu (II) in drinking water employing the internal standard addition method, with observed recoveries ranging from 98.63% to 100.29%. The copper levels in the drinking water samples tested in this study did not exceed the drinking water quality standards set by PERMENKES RI number 492/PER/IV/2010.
Copyright (c) 2024 Yussi Pratiwi, Yogi Febrian, Angelina Klaudia https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Square Wave Pulse Deposition of Gold Nanoparticles for Ethanol EOR Performance and Its Electrochemical Properties Investigation
In this study, gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) were successfully synthesized using square wave pulse deposition. The synthesis process involved applying a lower potential of -0.1 V and an upper potential of 0 V for 25 minutes. Characterization of the synthesized Au NPs was conducted using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and cyclic voltammetry (CV). The XRD analysis confirmed the formation of the Au phase on the FTO substrate. The SEM images revealed a nanopyramid-like morphology, with an average particle size ranging from 20 to 200 nm. The EIS measurements indicated low resistance values for the Au NPs. During the CV test for ethanol electrooxidation, a stable electric current of 4.28 mA/cm² was achieved, demonstrating good stability in the electrochemical process.
Copyright (c) 2024 Amir Mahmud, Bimo Tri Goutomo https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Antioxidant Activity of AuPt Nanoparticle with Square-Wave Pulse Deposition Method
Gold nanoparticles and platinum nanoparticles are considered to be effective antioxidants due to their ability in inhibiting free radicals. In this research, AuPt nanoparticles were synthesized using a square wave pulse deposition method by varying the lower potential (EL). The XRD results stated that AuPt nanoparticles had formed on the FTO substrate. The shape of AuPt nanoparticles is an irregular sphere in SEM-EDX characterization. EDX characterization also concluded that AuPt nanoparticles had formed on the FTO substrate. Antioxidant testing using the DPPH test resulted the largest inhibition value for AuPt NPs, with a lower potential of -0.6 V and the inhibition activity of 77.17%.
Copyright (c) 2024 Devi Indrawati Syafei https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0